Principles and Applications of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Microarray: A Review.
The deoxyribonucleic acid microarray technology has become a very powerful tool to explore global gene expression profiles and to measure genome-wide differences in genetic contents.
Thus, the technology needs the availability of complete genome sequences of many microorganisms. Since DNA microarray measures the presence or absence of DNA regions as well as the abundance of transcripts, interpretation of the array data can be difficult in the absence of other supporting evidence.
Consequently, the chief impact of this technology was not realized until it is combined with other high-throughput genomic methods, biochemistry, genetics, and physiology Microarrays consist of thousands of probes arrayed within a small surface area that are physically and systematically bound to flat solid surfaces, slides or chips of glass, silicon or plastics, in known locations.
A DNA microarray experiment consists of array fabrication, probe preparation, hybridization and data analysis. Although the basic array technology is the same, there are fundamental differences in its application to prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
For example, total ribonucleic acid is usually labeled for a bacterial array experiment, while poly (A)
RNA is often used for eukaryotic arrays Several applications of DNA microarray has mentioned
in different areas and disciplines including disease diagnostics and characterization, evolutionary biology, pathway analysis, toxico and pharmacogenomics, forensics, and oncology.
The major application of this technique was found in the field of oncology as classification of tumors, prediction of prognosis of tumors as an expression profile, single nucleotide polymorphism to study the
mutation of a gene.
Also, to study the gene amplification, deletion, identify the copy number of genes using comparative genomic polymorphism. Re-sequencing arrays are used to identify the somatic mutation in cancers by sequencing a portion of the genome.
Pathol Lab Med Open J. 2020; 1(1): 54-62. doi: 10.17140/PLMOJ-1-109
